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（三）全面加強社會建設(shè)，切實保障和改善民生

3. Strengthening all aspects of social development, ensuring the wellbeing of the people and improving their lives.

我們堅持統(tǒng)籌經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，加快教育、衛(wèi)生、文化、體育等社會事業(yè)發(fā)展和改革，積極解決涉及人民群眾切身利益的問題。

We steadfastly carried out overall planning for economic and social development, accelerated the development and reform of social programs in education, health, culture and sports and worked hard to resolve problems affecting the vital interests of the people.

在教育方面。全國財政用于教育支出五年累計2.43萬億元，比前五年增長1.26倍。農(nóng)村義務教育已全面納入財政保障范圍，對全國農(nóng)村義務教育階段學生全部免除學雜費、全部免費提供教科書，對家庭經(jīng)濟困難寄宿生提供生活補助，使1.5億學生和780萬名家庭經(jīng)濟困難寄宿生受益。西部地區(qū)基本普及九年義務教育、基本掃除青壯年文盲攻堅計劃如期完成。國家安排專項資金支持2.2萬多所農(nóng)村中小學改造危房、建設(shè)7000多所寄宿制學校，遠程教育已覆蓋36萬所農(nóng)村中小學，更多的農(nóng)村學生享受到優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。更加重視職業(yè)教育發(fā)展，2007年中、高等職業(yè)教育在校生分別達到2000萬人和861萬人。普通高等教育本科生和研究生規(guī)模達到1144萬人。高校重點學科建設(shè)繼續(xù)加強。建立健全普通本科高校、高等和中等職業(yè)學校國家獎學金助學金制度，中央財政此項支出從2006年20.5億元增加到去年的98億元，高校資助面超過20%，中等職業(yè)學校資助面超過90%，資助標準大幅度提高。2007年開始在教育部直屬師范大學實施師范生免費教育試點。我們在實現(xiàn)教育公平上邁出了重大步伐。

Education. Public expenditures on education in China reached 2.43 trillion yuan over the five-year period, a 126% increase compared to the previous five-year period. Funding for rural compulsory education is now fully provided by the government budget. All the 150 million students receiving compulsory education in rural areas are exempt from paying tuition and miscellaneous fees and are supplied with free textbooks, and living allowances are provided to the 7.8 million students from poor families who stay in school dormitories. The plan to make nine-year compulsory education basically universal and to basically eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults in the western region was implemented on schedule. The state allocated special funds to support the renovation of dilapidated buildings at more than 22,000 rural primary and secondary schools and the building of more than 7,000 schools with student dormitory facilities. Distance education now covers 360,000 rural primary and middle schools, making quality education available to more rural students. Greater efforts were made to develop vocational education, with the student population reaching 20 million at secondary vocational schools and 8.61 million at vocational colleges in 2007. A total of 11.44 million students were enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs in regular institutions of higher learning. More effort was put into developing key disciplines in institutions of higher learning. A system of government scholarships and financial aid to students in regular undergraduate institutions, vocational colleges and secondary vocational schools was instituted and improved, and its funding from the central government budget was increased from 2.05 billion yuan in 2006 to 9.8 billion yuan in 2007. This enabled over 20% of the students in institutions of higher learning and more than 90% of the students in secondary vocational schools to benefit from financial aid and allowed schools to greatly raise the amount of aid offered. An experiment to provide free education to education students at normal universities directly under the Ministry of Education was launched in 2007. Major progress was made in providing equitable education opportunities for all.

深入實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略，大力培養(yǎng)、積極引進和合理使用各類人才，高層次、高技能人才隊伍不斷壯大。

The strategy of reinvigorating China through development of human resources was extensively applied. Great efforts were made to train Chinese personnel, bring in needed personnel from other countries and make wise use of skilled personnel of all types, thus strengthening the ranks of high-caliber, highly skilled personnel in China.

在衛(wèi)生方面。全國財政用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出五年累計6294億元，比前五年增長1.27倍。重點加強公共衛(wèi)生、醫(yī)療服務和醫(yī)療保障體系建設(shè)，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)、功能比較齊全的疾病預防控制和應急醫(yī)療救治體系基本建成。國家規(guī)劃免疫預防的疾病由7種擴大到15種，對艾滋病、結(jié)核病、血吸蟲病等重大傳染病患者實施免費救治。國家安排資金改造和新建1.88萬所鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院、786所縣醫(yī)院、285所縣中醫(yī)院和534所縣婦幼保健院，為1.17萬個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院配備了醫(yī)療設(shè)備，農(nóng)村醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件明顯改善。全國建立了2.4萬多個社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務機構(gòu)，新型城市醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系進一步健全。人口和計劃生育事業(yè)取得新進展，低生育水平繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定。人民健康水平不斷提高，嬰兒死亡率和孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率明顯下降，2005年人均期望壽命達到73歲，對于我們這樣一個有13億人口的發(fā)展中國家是了不起的成就。

Health. Total government expenditures on medical and health care in China over the five-year period reached 629.4 billion yuan, a 127% increase compared to the previous five-year period. The funding was mainly used to develop the public health service system, the medical service system and the medical security system, and basically complete the formation of the disease prevention and control system and emergency medical response system with a fairly comprehensive range of functions, covering both urban and rural areas. The number of diseases covered by the state plan for immunization and disease prevention was increased from 7 to 15, and AIDS, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis and other major communicable diseases are now treated free of charge. The state allocated funds to renovate or build 18,800 town and township health clinics, 786 county hospitals, 285 county traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and 534 county health centers for women and children, and equip 11,700 town and township health clinics with medical equipment, significantly improving conditions for providing medical and health care services in the countryside. More than 24,000 community health clinics were set up in China, further improving the new system of medical and health care services in urban areas. Further progress was made in carrying out population and family planning programs, and the birthrate remained stable at a low level. People's health continued to improve, infant and maternal mortality rates dropped significantly, and average life expectancy reached 73 years in 2005. These are momentous achievements for China, a developing country with a population of 1.3 billion.

在就業(yè)方面。堅持實施和完善積極的就業(yè)政策，從財稅、金融等方面加大支持力度，中央財政安排就業(yè)補助資金五年累計666億元。城鄉(xiāng)公共就業(yè)服務體系建設(shè)進一步加強。統(tǒng)籌做好就業(yè)再就業(yè)工作，全面加強職業(yè)技能培訓，平均每年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1000多萬人、農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)800萬人?；窘鉀Q國有企業(yè)下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，完成下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險并軌。在勞動力總量增加較多、就業(yè)壓力很大的情況下，保持了就業(yè)形勢的基本穩(wěn)定。

Employment. The government continued to follow and improve the policy that strongly promotes employment and to adopt fiscal, taxation and financial measures to increase employment. Expenditures for employment programs from the central government budget in the form of subsidies totaled 66.6 billion yuan over the five-year period. Urban and rural systems for providing public employment services were further strengthened. Efforts were intensified to increase employment and reemployment in a well-planned way, and training in vocational skills was comprehensively strengthened. As a result, more than ten million urban people got jobs and eight million rural workers found work in nonagricultural sectors per year on average. The problem of finding other employment opportunities for workers laid off from SOEs was basically solved, and the work of incorporating basic cost of living allowances for laid-off workers into the unemployment insurance system was completed. The employment situation remained basically stable despite a large increase in the total workforce and great pressure on employment.

在社會保障方面。全國財政用于社會保障支出五年累計1.95萬億元，比前五年增長1.41倍。城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險制度不斷完善，2007年參保人數(shù)突破2億人，比2002年增加5400多萬人；做實基本養(yǎng)老保險個人賬戶試點擴大到11個省份；從2005年開始連續(xù)三年提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金標準。中央財政五年累計補助養(yǎng)老保險專項資金3295億元。2007年城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)達到1.8億人，比2002年增加近1倍；88個城市啟動城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險試點；新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療制度不斷完善，已擴大到全國86%的縣，參合農(nóng)民達到7.3億人。全國社會保障基金積累4140億元，比2002年增加2898億元。城鄉(xiāng)社會救助體系基本建立。城市居民最低生活保障制度不斷完善，保障標準和補助水平逐步提高。2007年在全國農(nóng)村全面建立最低生活保障制度，3451.9萬農(nóng)村居民納入保障范圍。這是保障城鄉(xiāng)困難群眾基本生活的一項根本性制度建設(shè)。社會福利、優(yōu)撫安置、慈善和殘疾人事業(yè)取得新進展?？篂木葹墓ぷ魅婕訌姡醒胴斦迥曛С?51億元，受災群眾生產(chǎn)生活得到妥善安排。

Social safety net. Governments at all levels spent a total of 1.95 trillion yuan on building up the social safety net over the five-year period, a 141% increase compared to the previous five-year period. Continued improvement was made in the basic old-age insurance system for urban workers, with the number of participating workers exceeding 200 million in 2007, an increase of more than 54 million compared to 2002. Trials to fully fund personal accounts for basic old-age insurance were expanded to 11 province-level administrative units. Basic pensions for enterprise retirees were raised three years in a row beginning in 2005. A total of 329.5 billion yuan was allocated for old-age insurance programs from the central government budget in the form of subsidies over the last five years. The number of urban workers participating in basic medical insurance reached 180 million in 2007, nearly twice the number in 2002. The trial of basic medical insurance for urban residents was launched in 88 cities. Continued improvement was made in the new system of rural cooperative medical care, which now covers 86% of all counties and 730 million rural residents in China. Funds to support the national social safety net totaled 414 billion yuan, an increase of 289.8 billion yuan over 2002. Establishment of the urban and rural emergency aid system was basically completed. The system of basic cost of living allowances for urban residents was improved, with gradually rising standards and allowances. A system of basic cost of living allowances was established in all rural areas of China in 2007, covering 34.519 million rural residents. The systems provide a fundamental institution to assist poor people in urban and rural areas to meet basic living expenses. Further progress was made in developing social welfare, providing special assistance to entitled groups and developing charity programs and programs to help people with physical and mental disabilities. Efforts to combat disasters and provide disaster relief were greatly strengthened, with total expenditures from the central government budget reaching 55.1 billion yuan for the five-year period. This helped restore normal working and living conditions for disaster victims.

在文化和體育方面。全國財政用于文化體育事業(yè)支出五年累計3104億元，比前五年增長1.3倍?？h鄉(xiāng)兩級公共文化服務體系初步形成，基本實現(xiàn)了縣縣有圖書館、文化館。全國文化信息資源共享工程、廣播電視村村通工程等基層文化設(shè)施建設(shè)扎實推進。哲學社會科學和新聞出版、廣播影視、文學藝術(shù)進一步繁榮。文物和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護得到加強。對外文化交流更加活躍。城鄉(xiāng)公共體育設(shè)施建設(shè)加快，群眾性體育蓬勃發(fā)展，體育健兒在國際大賽中取得優(yōu)異成績。

Culture and sports. Government expenditures for culture and sports programs totaled 310.4 billion yuan for the five-year period, a 130% increase over the previous five-year period. The basic elements of a public cultural services system at the county and township levels were put in place, and basically every county now has a library and cultural center. Substantive progress was made in setting up local cultural facilities such as the projects to set up a national shared databank of cultural information and resources and extend radio and television coverage to all villages. Philosophy, the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, film and television, literature and art thrived. Protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage was strengthened. Cultural exchanges with other countries were intensified. Development of public sports facilities in urban and rural areas was accelerated, mass sports activities developed vigorously, and Chinese athletes did well in international competitions.

在居民收入和消費方面。努力增加城鄉(xiāng)居民特別是低收入居民收入。調(diào)高最低工資標準；基本解決拖欠農(nóng)民工工資問題；四次提高重點優(yōu)撫對象的撫恤補助標準，統(tǒng)籌解決退役軍人實際困難。降低居民儲蓄存款利息稅率，提高個人所得稅起征點。家庭財產(chǎn)普遍增多。居民消費結(jié)構(gòu)升級加快，家用汽車大幅度增加，移動電話、計算機、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)快速普及，旅游人數(shù)成倍增長。住房條件進一步改善，棚戶區(qū)改造取得積極進展。城鄉(xiāng)居民享有的公共服務明顯增多。

Personal income and consumer spending.Vigorous efforts were made to increase the incomes of urban and rural residents, especially low-income persons. The minimum wage was increased. The problem of arrears in the wages of rural migrant workers in urban areas was basically resolved. The standards for financial aid to key entitled groups were increased four times, and plans were implemented to resolve the practical problems of demobilized military personnel. The tax on interest earnings from individual savings deposits was lowered and the earnings threshold for the individual income tax was raised. There was a general increase in family assets. Upgrading of consumer spending proceeded at a faster pace, and there was a great increase in the number of family-owned cars and rapid spread in the use of cell phones, computers and Internet services. The number of people going on vacations increased several fold. There was further improvement in housing conditions, encouraging progress was made in improving conditions in shantytowns, and much more public services were made available to urban and rural residents.

在社會管理方面。著力維護人民群眾合法權(quán)益，積極化解社會矛盾。制定并實施保障農(nóng)民工合法權(quán)益的政策措施。努力解決土地征收征用、房屋拆遷、企業(yè)改制、環(huán)境保護等方面損害群眾利益的問題。信訪工作不斷加強。高度重視安全生產(chǎn)工作，健全安全監(jiān)管體制，落實安全生產(chǎn)責任制，加強安全生產(chǎn)法制建設(shè)。社會治安防控體系更加健全，綜合治理工作進一步加強。依法打擊各類犯罪活動，有效維護了國家安全和社會穩(wěn)定。

Public administration. Work in this area was concentrated on protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the people and resolving social tensions. We formulated and implemented policies and measures for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of rural migrant workers in urban areas. We devoted a great deal of effort to resolving infringements on the interests of the public related to land expropriation and requisition, housing demolition, enterprises converting to a stockholding system and environmental protection. Improvement was made in the handling of complaints made by individuals through letters and visits. We paid very close attention to improving workplace safety and the safety oversight system, instituted a responsibility system for workplace safety and improved related legislation. The public security system for crime prevention and control was further strengthened, and overall crime control work was intensified. We combated criminal activities in accordance with the law, effectively protected China's security and maintained law and order.

在經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展和財力明顯增加的情況下，用很大力量解決了一些長期遺留的歷史問題。剝離和處置國有商業(yè)銀行不良資產(chǎn)，置換農(nóng)村信用社不良貸款和歷年虧損掛賬，化解國有企業(yè)歷史債務，逐步解決國有糧食企業(yè)政策性虧損掛賬，還清出口退稅欠款，完善大中型水庫征地補償和移民后期扶持政策等。這些問題的解決對于經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展起到了重要作用。

Taking advantage of the rapid development of the economy and significant improvement of public finance, we worked hard to resolve some longstanding problems. We sold off nonperforming assets of state-owned commercial banks, made alternate arrangements for nonperforming loans and long-term non-paying accounts of rural credit cooperatives, eased the long-term debts of SOEs, gradually eased policy-related losses of state-owned grain enterprises, cleared up overdue tax rebates for exports, and improved the policy for paying compensation for requisition of land for large and medium-sized reservoirs and assisting people displaced by reservoir projects. Resolution of these problems played an important role in promoting economic and social development.

五年來，我們在民主法制建設(shè)、國防和軍隊建設(shè)、港澳臺工作和外交等方面，也取得了重要進展。

We made major progress over the past five years in enhancing democracy and the legal system, building national defense and the military, doing our work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and conducting diplomacy.

穩(wěn)步推進社會主義民主法制建設(shè)。各級政府自覺接受同級人民代表大會及其常委會的監(jiān)督，主動接受人民政協(xié)的民主監(jiān)督，認真聽取民主黨派、工商聯(lián)、無黨派人士、人民團體意見，通過多種形式征求專家學者和人民群眾的建議，接受新聞媒體和社會各界的監(jiān)督。實行重大事項決策公示和聽證制度。加強城鄉(xiāng)基層自治組織建設(shè)，基層民主管理制度進一步健全。五年國務院共向全國人大常委會提交39件法律議案，制定、修訂137件行政法規(guī)。探索建立公眾有序參與政府立法的機制和制度，有15部法律草案和行政法規(guī)草案向社會公開征求意見。全面清理了現(xiàn)行行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章。貫徹民族區(qū)域自治法，推進民族團結(jié)進步事業(yè)。全面落實宗教信仰自由政策，宗教事務管理走向法制化、規(guī)范化。全面落實僑務政策，依法保護海外僑胞和歸僑僑眷的合法權(quán)益。

We made steady progress in improving socialist democracy and the socialist legal system. Governments at all levels conscientiously accepted the oversight of the people's congress and its standing committee at the corresponding level; voluntarily accepted the democratic oversight by CPPCC committees; carefully listened to the views of the democratic parties, federations of industry and commerce, persons without party affiliation and people's organizations; solicited suggestions of experts, scholars and the general public in a variety of forms; and accepted the oversight of the media and all sectors of society. Governments at all levels made public announcements and held public hearings before making major decisions. We stepped up efforts to develop autonomy in urban community and village administrative bodies and further improved the democratic system at the local level. During the past five years the State Council submitted 39 bills to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and formulated or revised 137 administrative regulations. We explored ways to set up mechanisms and systems for orderly public participation in government legislation and published 15 draft laws and drafts of administrative regulations to solicit comments from the public. We carried out a thorough review of current administrative rules and regulations. We adhered to the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and carried forward the programs to promote unity and progress among ethnic groups. The policy on freedom of religious belief was comprehensively implemented, and the administration of religious affairs was put on a more solid legal footing and further standardized. We comprehensively implemented the policy on matters related to overseas Chinese nationals and protected the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese nationals, returned overseas Chinese nationals and their relatives.

全面加強軍隊現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。積極推進中國特色軍事變革。調(diào)整改革軍隊體制編制和政策制度，裁減軍隊員額20萬任務順利完成。國防和軍隊建設(shè)取得歷史性成就。人民解放軍和人民武裝警察部隊為維護國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整和促進社會和諧穩(wěn)定作出了重大貢獻。

We stepped up all efforts to modernize the military. We vigorously pressed ahead with the revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics. We adjusted and reformed the military's structure and staffing and its related policies and systems and smoothly cut its size by 200,000 personnel. We made historic achievements in strengthening national defense and the military. The People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police Force made major contributions to safeguarding China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity and to promoting social harmony and stability.

堅持“一國兩制”方針，嚴格按照香港特別行政區(qū)基本法和澳門特別行政區(qū)基本法辦事。實施內(nèi)地與香港、澳門更緊密經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系安排。香港、澳門保持繁榮穩(wěn)定。

We adhered to the principle of "one country, two systems" and acted in strict accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region. We implemented the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement between the mainland and the regions of Hong Kong and Macao. Both regions remained thriving and stable.

堅決反對和遏制“臺獨”分裂活動，捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)與領(lǐng)土完整，維護臺海和平。實施一系列有利于人員往來和經(jīng)濟科技教育文化體育交流的措施，促進了兩岸關(guān)系和平穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。

We resolutely opposed and foiled secessionist activities aimed at Taiwan independence, thereby protecting China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and safeguarding peace in the Taiwan Straits. We carried out a number of measures to make it easier for people to visit between the two sides and for economic, scientific, educational, cultural and sports exchanges to take place in order to promote the peaceful and steady development of cross-Straits relations.

積極開展對外交往與合作，全方位外交取得重大進展，堅定地維護和發(fā)展了國家利益。我國同主要大國加強了對話，增進了信任，擴大了合作。中美關(guān)系穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，中俄戰(zhàn)略協(xié)作伙伴關(guān)系提高到新水平，中歐全面合作日益深化，中日關(guān)系得到改善，同周邊國家睦鄰友好關(guān)系進一步加強，區(qū)域合作取得新成果，同發(fā)展中國家的團結(jié)合作開創(chuàng)了新局面。成功舉辦一系列重大多邊外交活動。妥善應對國際上各種新挑戰(zhàn)，積極負責地參與解決全球性問題，在解決國際和地區(qū)熱點問題上發(fā)揮著重要的建設(shè)性作用。

We actively promoted exchange and cooperation with other countries, made major progress in conducting diplomacy on all fronts, and resolutely safeguarded and developed China's interests. China stepped up dialogue with the major countries and increased trust and expanded cooperation with them. China-U.S. relations developed steadily, the China-Russia partnership of strategic coordination reached a new height, China-Europe cooperation in all areas went from strength to strength, and China-Japan relations improved. Good-neighborly relations with surrounding countries were further strengthened, further achievements were made in regional cooperation, and China's solidarity and cooperation with other developing countries entered a new stage. We successfully carried out a series of major multilateral diplomatic activities. We appropriately responded to new challenges in the international arena, actively and responsibly participated in efforts to resolve global issues, and played an important and constructive role in the resolution of issues concerning international and regional hotspots.

五年來，我們始終重視政府自身改革和建設(shè)。本屆政府把實行科學民主決策、推進依法行政、加強行政監(jiān)督作為政府工作的三項基本準則。制定全面推進依法行政實施綱要，推動政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變和管理創(chuàng)新，強化社會管理和公共服務。認真貫徹實施行政許可法，推進行政審批制度改革，國務院各部門取消和調(diào)整行政審批項目692項。推進政務公開，完善新聞發(fā)布制度，加強電子政務建設(shè)。全國應急管理體系基本建立。監(jiān)察、審計等專門監(jiān)督工作卓有成效。公務員教育培訓和管理法制化建設(shè)進一步加強。堅持不懈地開展反腐敗斗爭和加強政風建設(shè)，治理商業(yè)賄賂工作取得良好成效，依法查處違法違規(guī)案件和失職瀆職行為，懲處腐敗分子。

We paid close attention to self-reform and self-improvement of the government during the five-year period. This government took scientific and democratic policy-making, law-based administration and better administrative oversight as the three basic principles for its work. We formulated the Program for Advancing All Aspects of Government Administration in Accordance with the Law and promoted change in the way the government functions and innovations in management, thereby improving public administration and public services. We diligently carried out the Administrative Permit Law and promoted reform of the system of administrative examination and approval. As a result, departments of the State Council eliminated or streamlined a total of 692 items requiring examination and approval. We promoted greater openness in government affairs, improved the system for releasing information, and increased the application of e-government. Establishment of a national emergency response management system was basically completed. Oversight work such as supervision and auditing was quite effective. Further improvement was made in education and training of civil servants and in developing a legislative framework for civil-service administration. We worked unceasingly to combat corruption and improve the conduct of the government, made good progress in combating bribery in business, uncovered a number of violations of laws and regulations and cases of neglect and dereliction of duty, and punished corrupt persons.